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Copyright (C) 1989, 1995 Aladdin Enterprises. All rights reserved.
This file is part of Aladdin Ghostscript.
Aladdin Ghostscript is distributed with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. No author
or distributor accepts any responsibility for the consequences of using it,
or for whether it serves any particular purpose or works at all, unless he
or she says so in writing. Refer to the Aladdin Ghostscript Free Public
License (the "License") for full details.
Every copy of Aladdin Ghostscript must include a copy of the License,
normally in a plain ASCII text file named PUBLIC. The License grants you
the right to copy, modify and redistribute Aladdin Ghostscript, but only
under certain conditions described in the License. Among other things, the
License requires that the copyright notice and this notice be preserved on
all copies.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
This file, language.doc, describes the relationship between the
Ghostscript interpreter and the PostScript language. This file describes
version 3.33 of Ghostscript.
For an overview of Ghostscript and a list of the documentation files, see
README.
The Ghostscript interpreter, except as noted below, is intended to execute
properly any source program written in the (Level 2) PostScript language as
defined in the December 1990 printing of the PostScript Language Reference
Manual (Second Edition) published by Addison-Wesley (ISBN 0-201-18127-4).
However, the interpreter is configurable in ways that can restrict it to
various subsets of this language. Specifically, the base interpreter
accepts the Level 1 subset of the PostScript language, as defined in the
first edition of the PostScript Language Reference Manual, ISBN
0-201-10174-2, Addison-Wesley, 1985, plus the file system, version 25.0
language, and miscellaneous additions listed in sections A.1.6, A.1.7, and
A.1.8 of the Second Edition respectively, including allowing a string
operand for the 'status' operator. The base interpreter may be configured
by adding any combination of the following:
- The ability to process PostScript Type 1 fonts. This facility is
normally included in the interpreter.
- The CMYK color extensions listed in section A.1.4 of the Second
Edition (including colorimage). These facilities are only available if the
color, dps, or level2 feature was selected at the time that Ghostscript was
compiled and linked.
- The Display PostScript extensions listed in section A.1.3
of the Second Edition, but excluding the operators listed in section
A.1.2. These facilities are only available if the dps feature or the
level2 feature was selected at the time that Ghostscript was compiled
and linked.
- The composite font extensions listed in section A.1.5 of the
Second Edition, and the ability to handle Type 0 fonts. These facilities
are only available if the compfont feature or the level2 feature was
selected at the time that Ghostscript was compiled and linked.
- The PostScript Level 2 "filter" facilities aside from DCTEncode
and DCTDecode filters. These facilities are only available if the filter,
dps, or level2 feature was selected at the time that Ghostscript was
compiled and linked.
- The PostScript Level 2 DCTEncode and DCTDecode filters. These
facilities are only available if the dct or level2 feature was selected at
the time that Ghostscript was compiled and linked.
- All the other PostScript Level 2 operators and facilities listed
in section A.1.1 of the Second Edition and not listed in any of the other
A.1.n sections. These facilities are only available if the level2 feature
was selected at the time that Ghostscript was compiled and linked.
Adding all of these produces a full Level 2 PostScript language
interpreter.
Ghostscript also includes a number of operators defined below that are not
in the PostScript language.
Implementation limits
=====================
The following implementation limits correspond to those in Table B.1 and
B.2 of the Second Edition. Those marked with * are different from the ones
in the Second Edition.
Architectural limits
--------------------
integer 32-bit two's complement integer
real single-precision IEEE float
*array
On 16-bit systems: 8191 elements
On 32-bit systems: 65535 elements
*dictionary
On 16-bit systems: 8190 elements
On 32-bit systems: 65534 elements
*string 65535 characters
*name 16383 characters
filename 100 characters
*save level none (capacity of memory)
*gsave level none (capacity of memory)
Typical memory limits in Level 1
--------------------------------
userdict 200
FontDirectory 100
*operand stack 800
dictionary stack 20
execution stack 250
*interpreter level none (capacity of memory)
*path none (capacity of memory)
dash 11
*VM capacity of memory
*file determined by operating system
*image 65535 values (samples x components) for 1, 2, 4,
or 8-bit samples; 32767 values for 12-bit samples
Other differences in VM consumption
-----------------------------------
Packed array elements occupy either 2 bytes or 8 bytes. The average
element size is probably about 5 bytes.
Names occupy 12 bytes plus the space for the string.
Ghostscript-specific additions
==============================
Miscellaneous
-------------
^D and ^Z are self-delimiting tokens, like [ and ]. They are initially
defined as empty procedures so that they will be ignored in the input
stream.
run can take either a string or a file as its argument. In the latter
case, it just runs the file, closing it at the end, and trapping errors
just as for the string case.
Mathematical operators
----------------------
<number> arccos <number>
Computes the arc cosine of a number between -1 and 1.
<number> arcsin <number>
Computes the arc sine of a number between -1 and 1.
String operators
----------------
<state> <fromString> <toString> .type1encrypt <newState> <toSubstring>
Encrypts fromString according to the algorithm for Adobe
Type 1 fonts, writing the result into toString.
toString must be at least as long as fromString or a
rangecheck error occurs. state is the initial state of
the encryption algorithm (a 16-bit non-negative
integer); newState is the new state of the algorithm.
<state> <fromString> <toString> .type1decrypt <newState> <toSubstring>
Decrypts fromString according to the algorithm for Adobe
Type 1 fonts, writing the result into toString. Other
specifications are as for type1encrypt.
Relational operators
--------------------
<number|string> <number|string> max <number|string>
Returns the larger of two numbers or strings.
<number|string> <number|string> min <number|string>
Returns the smaller of two numbers or strings.
File operators
--------------
<string> findlibfile <foundstring> <file> true
<string> findlibfile <string> false
Opens the file of the given name for reading, searching
through directories as described in use.doc. If the
search fails, findlibfile simply pushes false on the
stack and returns, rather than causing an error.
<file> <integer> unread -
Pushes back the last-read character onto the front of the
file. If the file is only open for writing, or if the
integer argument is not the same as the last character
read from the file, causes an ioerror error. May also
cause an ioerror if the last operation on the file was not
a reading operation.
<file> <device> writeppmfile -
Writes the contents of the device, which must be an image
device, onto the file, in Portable PixMap (ppm) format.
Does not close the file.
Path operators
--------------
<x> <y> <width> <height> rectappend -
<numarray> rectappend -
<numstring> rectappend -
Appends a rectangle or rectangles to the current path, in
the same manner as rectfill, rectclip, etc. Only
defined if the dps option is selected.
Filters
-------
Ghostscript supports all the standard PostScript Level 2 filters. In
addition, Ghostscript supports the following non-standard filters:
<target> <seed_integer> /eexecEncode filter <file>
Creates a filter for encrypting data into the
eexec encrypted format described in the
Adobe Type 1 Font Format documentation. The
seed_integer must be 55665 for proper operation.
This filter produces binary output and does not
include the initial 4 garbage bytes.
<source> <seed_integer> /eexecDecode filter <file>
Creates a filter for decrypting data that has been
encrypted using eexec encryption as described in the
Adobe Type 1 Font Format documentation. The
seed_integer must be 55665 for proper operation.
<source> <hex_boolean> /PFBDecode filter <file>
Creates a filter that decodes data in .PFB format, the
usual semi-binary representation for Type 1 font files
on IBM PC and compatible systems. If hex_boolean is true,
binary packets are converted to hex; if false, binary
packets are not converted.
Various versions of Ghostscript may also support other non-standard filters
for experimental purposes. The current version includes the following
non-standard filters, which are not documented further. No guarantee is
made that these filters will exist in compatible form, or at all, in future
versions.
<target/source> <string> ByteTranslateEncode/Decode
<target> <int> BigStringEncode
<target/source> BCPEncode/Decode
<target/source> TBCPEncode/Decode
<target/source> <dict> BoundedHuffmanEncode/Decode
FirstBitLowOrder <bool> false
MaxCodeLength <int> 16
EndOfData <bool> true
EncodeZeroRuns <int> 256
Tables <int_array>
<target/source> <dict> BWBlockSortEncode/Decode
BlockSize <int> 16384
<target/source> MoveToFrontEncode/Decode
Ghostscript also supports a non-standard optional dictionary operand for
the LZWDecode filter, with the following keys (all optional):
InitialCodeLength <integer>
An integer between 2 and 11 specifying the initial number
of data bits per code. Note that the actual initial code length is 1
greater than this, to allow for the reset and end-of-data code values.
Default value: 8.
FirstBitLowOrder <boolean>
If true, codes appear with their low-order bit first.
Default value: false.
BlockData <boolean>
If true, the data is broken into blocks in the manner
specified for the GIF file format. Default value: false.
EarlyChange <integer>
If 0, codes become one bit longer one code earlier than
they need to; if 1, codes become one bit longer as specified in the
PostScript Language Reference Manual. Default value: 1.
Virtual memory operators
------------------------
<save> .forgetsave -
Cancels the effect of a save -- makes it as though the
save never happened.
Miscellaneous operators
-----------------------
- currenttime <number>
Returns the current value of a continuously-running timer,
in minutes. The initial value of this timer is undefined.
<string> getenv <string> true
<string> getenv false
Looks up a name in the shell environment. If the name is
found, returns the corresponding value and true; if the
name is not found, returns false.
<name> <array> makeoperator <operator>
Constructs and returns a new operator that is actually the
given procedure in disguise. The name is only used for
printing. The operator has the executable attribute.
<string> <boolean> .setdebug -
If the Ghostscript interpreter was built with the DEBUG
flag set, sets or resets any subset of the debugging
flags normally controlled by -Z in the command line.
Has no effect otherwise.
- .oserrno <errno>
Returns the error code for the most recent OS error.
- .oserror <string>
Returns the error string for the most recent OS error.
Device operators
----------------
<device> copydevice <device>
Copies a device.
<index> .getdevice <device>
Returns a device from the set of devices known to the
system. The first device, which is default, is numbered
0. If the index is out of range, causes a rangecheck
error.
<matrix> <width> <height> <palette> makeimagedevice <device>
Makes a new device that accumulates an image in memory.
matrix is the initial transformation matrix: it must be
orthogonal (i.e., [a 0 0 b x y] or [0 a b 0 x y]).
palette is a string of 2^N or 3*2^N elements, specifying
how the 2^N possible pixel values will be interpreted.
Each element is interpreted as a gray value, or as RGB
values, multiplied by 255. For example, if you want
a monochrome image for which 0=white and 1=black, the
palette should be <ff 00>; if you want a 3-bit deep
image with just the primary colors and their complements
(ignoring the fact that 3-bit images are not supported),
the palette might be <000000 0000ff 00ff00 00ffff
ff0000 ff00ff ffff00 ffffff>. At present, the palette
must contain exactly 2, 4, 16, or 256 entries,
and must contain an entry for black and an entry
for white; if it contains any entries that aren't black,
white, or gray, it must contain at least the six primary
colors (red, green, blue, and their complements cyan,
magenta, and yellow); aside from this, its contents are
arbitrary.
Alternatively, palette can be null. This is interpreted
as 24-bit-per-pixel color, where the four bytes of each
pixel are respectively R, G, and B.
Note that one can also make an image device (with the same
palette as an existing image device) by copying a device
using the copydevice operator.
<device> <index> <string> copyscanlines <substring>
Copies one or more scan lines from an image device into a
string, starting at a given scan line in the image.
The data is in the same format as for the image
operator. Error if the device is not an image device or
if the string is too small to hold at least one complete
scan line. Always copies an integral number of scan
lines.
<device> setdevice -
Sets the current device to the specified device. Also
resets the transformation and clipping path to the
initial values for the device.
- currentdevice <device>
Gets the current device from the graphics state.
<device> getdeviceprops <mark> <name1> <value1> ... <namen> <valuen>
Gets all the properties of a device. Currently defined
names and values for all devices are:
BitsPerPixel <integer>
Usually read-only. Number of bits per pixel.
.HWMargins [<4 floats>]
Size of non-imageable regions around edges
of page, in 1/72" units.
HWSize [<integer> <integer>]
X and Y size in pixels.
Name <string>
Read-only. The device name.
Currently, same as OutputDevice.
Colors, GrayValues, RedValues, GreenValues,
BlueValues, ColorValues
As for the 'deviceinfo' operator of
Display PostScript.
In addition, the following are defined per Adobe's
documentation for the setpagedevice operator:
Duplex (if supported)
HWResolution
ImagingBBox
Margins
NumCopies (for printers only)
Orientation (if supported)
OutputDevice
PageSize
ProcessColorModel
Some devices may only allow certain values for
HWResolution and PageSize. The null device ignores
attempts to set PageSize; its size is always [0 0].
Red/Green/Blue/ColorValues are only defined if Colors > 1.
For printers, the following are also defined:
BufferSpace <integer>
Buffer space for band lists, if the bitmap
is too big to fit in RAM.
MaxBitmap <integer>
Maximum space for a full bitmap in RAM.
OutputFile <string>
() means send to printer directly,
otherwise specifies the file name for
output; a %d is replaced by the page #;
on Unix systems, (|command) writes to a pipe
OpenOutputFile <boolean>
If true, open the device's output file
when the device is opened, rather than
waiting until the first page is ready to
print.
.PageCount <integer>
Read-only. Counts the number of pages
printed on the device.
<mark> <name1> <value1> ... <namen> <valuen> <device>
putdeviceprops <device>
Sets properties of a device. May cause undefined,
typecheck, rangecheck, or limitcheck errors.
- flushpage -
On displays, flushes any buffered output, so that it
is guaranteed to show up on the screen; on printers,
has no effect.
Character operators
-------------------
<string> .type1addpath -
<string> <lsbx> <lsby> .type1addpath -
Adds the description of a character to the current
path. The string argument is a scalable
description encoded in Adobe Type 1 format. This
operator, like setcharwidth and setcachedevice, is
only valid in the context of a show operator. It
uses information from the current font, in addition
to the argument(s).
The optional lsbx and lsby arguments are left side
bearing values that override the ones in the
character outline.
<font> <char> Type1BuildChar -
This is not a new operator: rather, it is a name known
specially to the interpreter. Whenever the interpreter
needs to render a character (during a ...show,
stringwidth, or charpath), it looks up the name
BuildChar in the font dictionary to find a procedure to
run. If it does not find this name, and if the FontType
is 1, the interpreter instead uses the value (looked up
on the dictionary stack in the usual way) of the name
Type1BuildChar.
The standard definition of Type1BuildChar is in gs_fonts.ps.
Users should not need to redefine Type1BuildChar, except
perhaps for tracing or debugging.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated.